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Scientist compares Roman and Japanese swords with new method
#1
German scientist Mäder from the Kokugakuin University in Tokio who has been doing research for years on European and Japanese sword making techniques has analysed a Roman spatha and several early medieval Alemanni swords with a method he has learned from a Japanese swordsmiths called 'Kantei'. The method which apparently has been used scarcely in Europe research so far enables the analyst to 'read' the sword that is to find out when the sword was made and even by which smith it has been made.

So far Mäder has analysed 3 Alemanni swords from the Stuttgart National Musuem of Archaeology from the 6th to 8th century and is exalted by their quality: The swords were many times folded and the swordsmith had skillfully used different qualities of steel.

Most enthussiatic, though, he had been about a Roman spatha from the 4th century, which he found out was created from refined iron.

He comes to the conclusion that, contrary to a popular belief which helds early European blades in less favour than, say, the renowned Japanese swords, early European swordmaking was by no means backward. Mäder plans now to analyse further swords in cooperation with Empa, a Swiss-based institute for the material research.

If you have further information on his research, perhaps even from a scientific magazine, please post it here.

http://www.welt.de/wissenschaft/article ... uellt.html

Quote:22. März 2007, 17:24 Uhr
Materialforschung
Geheimnisse europäischer Schwertschmiedekunst enthüllt
Japanische Schwerter sind so berühmt wie die Samurai. Gefertigt aus tausendfach gefaltetem Stahl stellen sie historische europäische Schwerter angeblich in den Schatten. Verglichen hat die Schwerter bisher aber noch niemand. Handelt es sich also nur um einen Mythos? Ein Schwertforscher gibt jetzt Antworten - ausgerechnet mit Hilfe einer japanischen Schleiftechnik.

Japanische Schwerter gelten als die besten der Welt. Dazu beigetragen hat vor allem der Mythos um die wehrhaften Samurai. Über den Originalzustand frühgeschichtlicher Klingen aus Europa ist hingegen wenig bekannt. "Schwerter aus archäologischen Ausgrabungen sind meist nur noch Rostruinen", sagt der Schwertforscher Stefan Mäder. Die rostigen Klingen ließen kaum mehr Rückschlüsse auf Materialeigenschaften und Fertigungstechnik zu. Mäder gilt als Experte, er untersucht seit Jahren technologische und kulturelle Aspekte der Schwertherstellung in Europa und Japan. An der Kokugakuin Universität in Tokio hat er einen Lehrauftrag erhalten.

Mäder zufolge wurde in der westlichen Archäologie insbesondere der Schleiftechnik und Politur bisher zu wenig Beachtung geschenkt. In Japan hat sich dagegen über Jahrhunderte eine Methode der Schwertbegutachtung entwickelt, die "Kantei" genannt wird. Dabei wird die Klinge mit Schleifsteinen von immer feinerer Körnung geschliffen und in ein basisches Wasserbad getaucht. Auf diese Weise gibt die Klingenoberfläche nach und nach Informationen über Materialeigenschaften und Herstellung preis.

Japanische Politur gibt Auskunft
Mit Hilfe dieser Technik können japanische Schwertexperten die Klinge eines Schwertes „lesen“ – so können sie die Epoche datieren, aus der eine Klinge stammt und sogar den Schmied des Schwertes nennen. Die Methode hat allerdings einen Nachteil – sie liefert keine schnellen Antworten. Es dauertbis zu drei Wochen, um die gesamte Oberfläche einer Klinge zu bearbeiten. Für europäische Schwerter gelten andere Maßstäbe: Die Zuordnung zu Werkstattkreisen durch Begutachtung der Klingenoberfläche sei bisher undenkbar, sagt Mäder. Im Vergleich zur Kantei-Methode, bei der die gesamte Oberfläche untersucht wird, schneiden europäische Metallographen häufig nur kleine Proben aus einem Schwert.

Mäder hat die Kantei-Methode von dem japanischen Schwertpolierer Sasaki Takushi erlernt. Dann kehrte er nach Deutschland zurück, um ein Projekt zur Untersuchung von Klingenoberflächen europäischer Schwerter zu starten. Vom Archäologischen Nationalmuseum in Stuttgart erhielt er drei alemannische Schwertklingen aus dem 6. bis 8. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Mäder war begeistert: "Die Klingen zeigen einen komplexen Aufbau, der von höchster Handfertigkeit zeugt". Die Schmiede von einst hätten verschiedene Stahlqualitäten in einer Klinge vereinigt und mehrstufig gehärtet, wodurch kunstfertige Muster entstanden seien.

Europa war keineswegs hinterwäldlerisch
Am meisten überrascht war der Forscher von einer römischen Spatha aus dem 4. Jahrhundert n. Chr., dem bislang ältesten Untersuchungsobjekt aus Europa. Das Schwert ist aus fein raffiniertem Eisen aufgebaut. Raffinieren bedeutet, aus dem Eisen die Schlacke, Holzkohle und Gase zu entfernen. Das Eisen wird dabei umgefaltet - in eine Vielzahl von Lagen. Je besser raffiniert wurde, umso mehr Lagen weist das Eisen auf. Seine Analyse zeigt: Das frühgeschichtliche Europa war bezüglich der Schwertschmiedekunst keineswegs hinterwäldlerisch. "Es stimmt also nicht, dass unsere Schwerter aus schlecht raffiniertem Eisen bestehen. Ohne Kantei-Politur war einfach nicht erkennbar, dass europäische Schwerter weit mehr als nur ein Dutzend Lagen besitzen", sagt Mäder. Mäder will nun weitere Schwerter untersuchen und dabei mit der Empa, einer Forschungseinrichtung für Materialwissenschaften und Technologie mit Sitz in der Schweiz, zusammenarbeiten.
Denn zur Aufklärung der Herkunft europäischer Schwerter reicht die japanische Methode allein nicht aus, da über die herstellenden Schmiede kaum etwas bekannt ist. Um diese Lücke zu füllen, könnte die Kantei-Methode durch moderne Analysen ergänzt werden. An der Empa wurde beispielsweise das älteste Schwert Europas auf seine Eisenzusammensetzung untersucht. Es stammt aus dem 8. Jahrhundert v. Chr. und wurde in einem Brandgrab in Singen gefunden. "Wir vergleichen die chemische Zusammensetzung des Eisens im Schwert mit verschiedenen Eisenlagerstätten", sagt Marianne Senn, Archäometallurgie-Expertin. "So können wir das Eisen, das zum Schmieden eines Schwertes verwendet wurde, einem bestimmten Herkunftsgebiet zuordnen. Die geografische Zuordnung erleichtert es, mit der Kantei-Methode Werkstattkreise für europäische Schwertklingen zu definieren."
Stefan (Literary references to the discussed topics are always appreciated.)
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#2
This is no suprise to me. Japanese swords have always been overrated.
"...quemadmodum gladius neminem occidit, occidentis telum est."


a.k.a. Paul M.
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#3
Sounds interesting! Will be following this post for updates! Big Grin
Visne partem mei capere? Comminus agamus! * Me semper rogo, Quid faceret Iulius Caesar? * Confidence is a good thing! Overconfidence is too much of a good thing.
[b]Legio XIIII GMV. (Q. Magivs)RMRS Remember Atuatuca! Vengence will be ours!
Titus Flavius Germanus
Batavian Coh I
Byron Angel
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#4
Quote:This is no suprise to me. Japanese swords have always been overrated.

I agree; also Arabs take in great honour pattern-welded western sword in carolingian time, despite they can have access to indian wootz steel for their sword.
"Each historical fact needs to be considered, insofar as possible, no with hindsight and following abstract universal principles, but in the context of own proper age and environment" Aldo A. Settia

a.k.a Davide Dall\'Angelo




SISMA- Società Italiana per gli Studi Militari Antichi
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#5
It will be interesting to see what the further studies find. I would not be surprised to find that there are some expectionaly well made blades out there.

has anyone else used the "Kantei" method besides the professor and the Japanese?

V/r
Mike
Mike Daniels
a.k.a

Titus Minicius Parthicus

Legio VI FFC.


If not me...who?

If not now...when?
:wink: <img src="{SMILIES_PATH}/icon_wink.gif" alt=":wink:" title="Wink" />:wink:
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#6
Quote:This is no suprise to me. Japanese swords have always been overrated.

They're not overrated. They're just engineered to a higher degree on pretty much every component than their euro counterparts. This in turn causes many people of western decent to feel inferior. Can't blame them. To appreciate and know anything about nihonto takes a lot of skill and study. But you already know that eh paul. :wink:

You take an average built nihonto and it'll blow out of the water an average built euro can opener. Take a top-end nihonto including all of its koshirae and the best euro sword doesn't even come close. Sad but true.
____________________________________________________________
Magnus/Matt
Du Courage Viens La Verité

Legion: TBD
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#7
TL Clark made some interesting points about this very debate (Japanese Swords vs. European Swords) in another thread that will be found here:

http://www.romanarmy.com/rat/viewtopic. ... nese+sword


TLC's posts start about halfway down the first page. He and several other members of our forum make some good salient points.

For myself, I will stand with Bronowski's assessment of the Japanese sword, however further research may well yield new insights and deeper understanding.

:wink:

Narukami
David Reinke
Burbank CA
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#8
This is a article much interesting (and equilibrated) and Clemens is a true expert of swords (see the little paragraph at bottom of article):

http://www.thearma.org/essays/knightvs.htm

I study made in Italy in the 1954, on a european battle sword of XII century (the same +- the same period of first katanas) demonstrate that it is a complex tool of different layers of different steels, worked in very complex manner: it is hard,flexible and sharp. (Panseri, Ricerche metallografiche sopra una spada da guerra del XII secolo, Associazione italiana di metallurgia).
"Each historical fact needs to be considered, insofar as possible, no with hindsight and following abstract universal principles, but in the context of own proper age and environment" Aldo A. Settia

a.k.a Davide Dall\'Angelo




SISMA- Società Italiana per gli Studi Militari Antichi
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#9
Quote:
Primvs Pavlvs:128jqj49 Wrote:This is no suprise to me. Japanese swords have always been overrated.

They're not overrated. They're just engineered to a higher degree on pretty much every component than their euro counterparts. This in turn causes many people of western decent to feel inferior. Can't blame them. To appreciate and know anything about nihonto takes a lot of skill and study. But you already know that eh paul. :wink:

You take an average built nihonto and it'll blow out of the water an average built euro can opener. Take a top-end nihonto including all of its koshirae and the best euro sword doesn't even come close. Sad but true.

Pleiner's "The Celtic Sword" proves this statement to be a complete load of rubbish. The Celts were practicing "nihonto" at least thousand years before the Japanese.
Author: Bronze Age Military Equipment, Pen & Sword Books
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#10
Yeah? Show me. And I couldn't care less who did it first, it's a matter of who does it better.

Again, people's egos tend to speak when they feel a certain degree of attachment to a given item or "thing". It's understandable. Me, I can appreicate both, but since I've studied both I can tell you that in terms of skill, talent and effort that more goes into japanese swords to an "equal" euro sword of any era.

When it takes 4 craftsmen to make the blade, polish it, construct the habaki and a shira-saya that should tell you something about the level of skill required to make each component. That's not even touching the actual fittings. There is no room for jack of all trades in nihonto.
____________________________________________________________
Magnus/Matt
Du Courage Viens La Verité

Legion: TBD
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#11
The other problem is that only the best swords of any culture tend to get passed down. The Japanese have had an unbroken martial tradition to modern times which means that more of therse swords have survived. Unlike, say, the La Tene Celts.
Author: Bronze Age Military Equipment, Pen & Sword Books
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#12
Guys, it is not the weapon. It is the person who uses it.
European and Japanese swords were both great weapons but each one was built for a specific type of fighting. But a great weapon is pretty useless if the person is untrained.

But, IMHO, the European swords are very underrated.

and play nice everybody.
gr,
Jeroen Pelgrom
Rules for Posting

I would rather have fire storms of atmospheres than this cruel descent from a thousand years of dreams.
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#13
The above article also appeared at Archäologie Online.

Here another research by Mäder on Damascene steel titled Scott´s "Talisman", Damastsalat und Nanodraht. Haven't read the article, but the intro goes along the line that
a) Damascene steel is a more complex topic than conventionally treated and needs a more differentiated approach
b) Damascene steel has been too much "mystified" in the past and that specifically he considers the continuing myth of the "superiority of 'Damascene steel' over European sword material as actually long disproved"
Stefan (Literary references to the discussed topics are always appreciated.)
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#14
Quote:The other problem is that only the best swords of any culture tend to get passed down. The Japanese have had an unbroken martial tradition to modern times which means that more of therse swords have survived. Unlike, say, the La Tene Celts.
I'll second this, and add one more element. Along with the swords themselves, the Japanese have continued to pass down their art of swordsmithing. Something that western civilizations pretty much left behind, when swordsmiths started turning towards gunsmithing.

I don't think Japanese swords are overrated. However, their counterparts in other civilized worlds are severly underrated.

I'll definitely be trying to follow Maeder's further work.
Marcus Julius Germanus
m.k.a. Brian Biesemeyer
S.P.Q.A.
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#15
Hollywood has done more to propel the myth of Japanese swords than the swords themselves.
"...quemadmodum gladius neminem occidit, occidentis telum est."


a.k.a. Paul M.
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